چالش‌های اعمال اصول حقوق محیط‌زیست بر اجرای قراردادهای نفتی در پرتو کنوانسیون ارزیابی اثرات محیط‌زیست فرامرزی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل عمومی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران

4 استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

10.22034/eiap.2024.191710

چکیده

ایجاد حساسیت نسبت به محیط‌زیست، از دغدغه‌های جدید جامعه بشری محسوب می‌شود که به تدریج و با ورود به عرصه‌های حقوقی و بین‌الملل، به امری سیاسی تبدیل شده است. این پژوهش با هدف کاربردی بررسی چالش‌های اعمال اصول حقوق محیط‌زیست بر اجرای قراردادهای نفتی در پرتو کنوانسیون ارزیابی اثرات محیط‌زیست فرامرزی و بر مبنای یک پژوهش میدانی تدوین شده است. در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی، پس از مطالعه‌های کتابخانه‌ای، داده‌های میدانی با ابزار مشاهده، اسناد و آرای بین‌المللی گردآوری شده است، که روش کیفی را در بر می‌گیرد. تعهد به مراقبت اقتضاء می‌کند تا دولت‌ها از آلودگی‌های فرامرزی پیشگیری کنند. البته به این معنا نیست که تضمین دهند که هیچ‌گونه خسارت محیط‌زیستی به سایر دول وارد نشود. تعهد دولت‌ها در این خصوص یک تعهد به وسیله است که بر اساس آن تدابیر کافی برای پیشگیری از خسارات فرامرزی اتخاذ می‌شود. مفهوم اصل پرداخت توسط آلوده‌ساز بر یک منطق ساده حقوقی استوار است که عامل یک فعالیت یا اقدام که سود چیزی را می‌برد باید زیان‌های ناشی از آن به محیط‌زیست را نیز متقبل گردد. این اصل حوزه بسیار گسترده‌ای دارد و در نظام‌های حقوقی بسیاری از کشوها با اندکی تفاوت به آن اشاره شده است، گرچه این اصل در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست برجسته‌تر از سایر رشته‌های حقوقی مورد قبول افتاده و اجرایی‌تر شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Challenges of Applying the Principles of Environmental Law to the Implementation of Oil Contracts in the Light of the Convention on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faezeh Amjadian 1
  • Fathollah Rahimi 2
  • Ismail Shahsavandi 3
  • Mojtaba Asgharian 4
1 PhD student in Public International Law, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of International Law, Faculty of Humanities, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Law, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Creating sensitivity towards the environment is one of the new concerns of human society, which has gradually turned into a political matter by entering the legal and international arenas. This research has been compiled with the practical purpose of examining the challenges of applying the principles of environmental law to the implementation of oil contracts in the light of the Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment Convention and based on a field research. In this descriptive-analytical research, after library studies, field data have been collected with observation tools, documents and international opinions, which includes the qualitative method. Commitment to care requires governments to prevent transboundary pollution. Of course, this does not mean that they guarantee that no environmental damage will be caused to other countries. The commitment of governments in this regard is a commitment by means of which sufficient measures are taken to prevent cross-border damages. The concept of the principle of payment by the polluter is based on a simple legal logic that the agent of an activity or action that benefits something must also bear the losses caused to the environment. This principle has a very wide scope and has been mentioned in the legal systems of many countries with slight differences, although this principle has been accepted and implemented more prominently in international environmental law than other legal fields.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Environmental rights
  • Environmental Impact Assessment Convention
  • Petroleum contracts
Ali Oghli, S., Mian Abadi, H., & Merid, S. (2018). Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment Convention (ESPO). The 13th National Conference on Watershed Sciences and Engineering of Iran and the 3rd National Conference on Protection of Natural Resources and Environment, Mohaghegh Ardabili University. (In Persian)
Abdulahi, M. (2007). Criminal protection of the environment: reflection on the requirements of environmental criminal law. Environmental Science Quarterly, 5(1): 1-16. (In Persian)
Barmaki, J. (2009). Negotiation guide in multilateral environmental agreements, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publications, Strategy Quarterly, 22(96): 24-38. (In Persian)
Col, S., Hasselström, L., Jönsson, I., Lindblom, E., & Söderqvist, T. (2022). Expert guidance for environmental compensation is consistent with public preferences–Evidence from a choice experiment in Sweden. Land Use Policy, 118(7): 61-72.
Drenovak, M. (2016). Environmental impact assessment in Serbian legal system: Current issues and prospects for revision. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu-Časopis za pravne i društvene nauke, 64(3): 117-129.
Deng, Y., Xing, C., Xie, X., & Cai, L. (2022). The comprehensive study of the urbanization development and environmental damage response mechanism. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 36(12): 107-118.
De Sadeleer, N. (2004). Droit international et communautaire de la biodiversité, Paris, Dalloz.
Fan, W., Yan, L., Chen, B., Ding, W., & Wang, P. (2022). Environmental governance effects of local environmental protection expenditure in China. Resources Policy, 77(9): 276-285.
Firozpur, K. (2020). Environmental impact assessment in marine areas outside of national jurisdiction. Scientific-Research Journal of Oceanography, 11(44): 115-125. (In Persian)
Farhadi, S., & Razmi, M. (2017). International Environmental Conventions, first edition, Tehran: Dibagaran Cultural and Artistic Institute of Tehran. (In Persian)
Faryadi, M. (2019). Selection of regulatory tools for environmental protection. Parliament and Strategy, 26(2): 119-146. (In Persian)
Getu, M. (2013). Defiance of environmental governance: environmental impact assessment in Ethiopian floriculture industry. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 44(1): 219-229.
He, W., Tan, L., Liu, Z., & Zhang, H. (2020). Property rights protection, environmental regulation and corporate financial performance: Revisiting the Porter Hypothesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264(10): 121-136.
Hosseinzadeh, E., Hajibagher Tehrani, S., Mollaie Tavani, S., & Mehr-Ali, A. (2016). Landfill Site Selection Using Environmental Impact Assessment Methods: Systematic review. Hozan journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2): 9-22. (In Persian)
Houshmand Firouzabadi, H. (2019). Civil liability due to environmental damage. Scientific Research Journal of Medical Law, 14(54): 183-213. (In Persian)
Hakimzadeh Khoi, P., & Asadzadeh, K. (2019). The method of judicial proceedings and compensation for damages caused by oil pollution in the sea with an emphasis on the open sea. Energy Law Studies, 5(1), 21-41. (In Persian)
Khalatbari, Y., Hermidas Bavand, D., Zare, A., & Porfashmi, A. (2021). Analysis of the concepts of pollution and damage in international environmental law. Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, 23(5): 141-125. (In Persian)
Kefai Far, M., & Mirzapur, M. (2021). Reviewing the environmental rights of the Caspian Sea with an emphasis on the Tehran Regional Environmental Convention. Studies in political science. law and jurisprudence, 7(4): 262-250. (In Persian)
Marsden, S. (2011). The Espoo Convention and Strategic Environmental Assessment Protocol in the European Union: Implementation, Compliance, Enforcement and Reform. Review of European. Comparative & International Environmental Law, 20(1): 267-276.
Mansoorkhani, F., Mir Abbasi, B., Asgarkhani, A., & Moradi, M. (2018). Investigating the nature and content of the right to the environment. Iranian Political Sociology Monthly, 1(4): 330-310. (In Persian)
Navai Faizabadi, A., Alidadi, H., Najafpour, A., Denkoub, M., Yazdani, M., Saqi, M., Shafii, M. (2016). Assessment of the environmental effects of composting factories in Iran - a review. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2(1): 51-38. (In Persian)
Ortega, J., Brouwer, R., & Aiking, H. (2021). Application of a value-based equivalency method to assess environmental damage compensation under the European Environmental Liability Directive. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(6): 1461-1470.
Payne, Cymie R. (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment as a Duty under International Law: The International Court of Justice Judgment on Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay. EJRR, 1(3): 317- 324.
Porhashmi, A., & Tayyabi, S. (2021). Beyond the hegemony of solidarity and the perspective of evolution and development of international environmental law. International Legal Research, 14(54): 96-75. (In Persian)
Rashidi, M., savior, F., & Mashhadhi, A. (2021). Source of Commitment to Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment in Turkey Gap Project. Studies in Contemporary Comparative Law, 12(22): 117-144. (In Persian)
Rezaei, A., & Jalalian, A. (2017). The influence of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 in the process of education and institutionalization of principles and concepts governing the environment in the field of international law. Scientific Quarterly of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 6(2): 83-100. (In Persian)
Raisi, L. (2010). Examining the evolution of international liability due to environmental damages according to the Basel Convention. Man and Environment, 8(24): 55-62. (In Persian)
Savaresi, A. (2017). Environmental Impact Assessment after the International Court of Justice decision in Costa Rica-Nicaragua and Nicaragua-Costa Rica: Looking backward, looking forward. QIL, Zoom-in, 42(1): 1-3. (In Persian)
Salari, A. (2020). Assessment of transboundary environmental effects in international law. Tehran University Public Law Studies Quarterly, 50(4): 1331-1355. (In Persian)
Sohaili Najafabadi, S., & Babakhani Jezi, M. (2021). International responsibility for environmental damage. Studies in political science. law and jurisprudence, 7(2): 174-194. (In Persian)
Shah Hosseini, A., & Mashhadhi, A. (2017). Compensation for environmental damages based on the 2006 plan of the International Law Commission based on the principles of allocation of damages in cases of transboundary damage caused by dangerous activities. Public Law Research, 19(55): 141-165. (In Persian)
Tesli, A. & Husby, S. (1999). EIA in a transboundary context: principles and challenges for a coordinated Nordic application of the Espoo convention. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 19(1): 57-84.
Takano, A. (2018). Due Diligence Obligations and Transboundary Environmental Harm: Cybersecurity Applications. Laws, 7(36): 1-12.
Tavakoli, J. (2018). Caspian sea wastes from the perspective of international environmental law. Qonun Yar scientific-legal quarterly, 2(7): 156-140. (In Persian)
Yang, T. (2019). The Emergence of the Environmental Impact Assessment Duty as a Global Legal Norm and General Principle of Law”, HASTINGS LAW. JOURNAL, 70(1): 525-572.
Ziyai, Y., & Rashidi, M. (2021). The nature and content of the obligation to assess environmental effects in the light of the international court of justice. Legal Studies, 13(3): 160-131. (In Persian)