رویکردی نوین در اولویت بندی حفاظتی کلان اکوسیستم‌های خشکی کشور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته دکترای محیط‌زیست، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع‌طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع‌طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.

3 استاد، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

10.22034/eiap.2024.191701

چکیده

توصیف و تعیین خصوصیت و جایگاه مکانی اکوسیستم‌ها در مدیریت سرزمین، حفاظت زیست‌بوم‌ها و تنوع‌زیستی، نقش به‌سزایی دارد. از طریق شناسایی و طبقه‌بندی اکوسیستم‌ها و انتشار جغرافیایی آنها می‌توان به انتخاب مناطق حفاظتی معرف اقدام نمود. همچنین، آرایش و همسایگی اکوسیستم‌ها می تواند تسهیل‌کننده الگوهای مناسب استفاده از سرزمین باشد، موضوعی که در اثربخشی نتایج آمایش سرزمین نقش دارد. در مطالعه حاضر، دو هدف شناسایی اکوسیستم‌های خشکی کلان کشور و توزیع فضایی آنها در استان‌ها در نظر گرفته شد تا اولویت استان‌ها بر اساس برخی شاخص‌های ساختاری اکوسیستمی برای انتخاب مناطق معرف حفاظتی آشکار شود. برای این منظور شاخص‌‌‌های حضور، تنوع و یکنواختی اکوسیستم‌ها همچنین شاخص تشابه جاکارد مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. شناسایی اکوسیستم‌ها براساس معیارهای زمین‌اقلیمی و پوشش‌گیاهی صورت گرفت. به این منظور از لایه‌‌‌های رقومی ارتفاع، طبقات اقلیمی دومارتن و تیپ گیاهی کشور استفاده و همپوشانی و تلفیق لایه‌ها در محیط نرم‌افزار ArcGIS 10.2 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد، 21 اکوسیستم خشکی کلان در سطح کشور قابل شناسایی است که پس از تحلیل موقعیت استانی معلوم شد استان اصفهان از نظر انتخاب مناطق معرف حفاظتی در اولویت نخست قرار دارد، پس از این استان، سمنان، فارس، کرمان و گلستان در اولویت دوم و استان اردبیل در اولویت سوم قرار گرفتند. همچنین، بر اساس تشابه اکوسیستمی، 12 گروه استانی تشخیص داده شد که استان‌های هر گروه می‌توانند از الگوی انتخاب مناطق تحت حفاظت، مستقل از گروه دیگر برخوردار شوند. همچنین در فرایند برنامه‌ریزی مدیریت پایدار سرزمین، گروه‌های مستقل، از الگوی توان‌سنجی و ظرفیت‌یابی خدمات اکوسیستم مستقل برخوردار خواهند بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

New Approach for Protection Prioritization of National Terrestrial Ecosystems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mona Azizi jalilian 1
  • Kamran Shayesteh 2
  • Afshin Danehkar 3
1 Ph.D. of Environment, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
2 Assistant prof, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
3 Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Description of the ecosystems’ characteristic and location plays an important role in terrestrial management, biomes and biodiversity protection. Selection of representative protected areas is possible by identification and classification of ecosystems and their geographical distribution. Moreover, the arrangement and adjacency of ecosystems can be useful in adopting appropriate land use patterns that is effective for land use planning results. In this study, we followed two goals including terrestrial ecosystems identification at national level and analysis of ecosystem structure indices in provinces for protected areas selection. Presence, diversity, and evenness indices, also, Jaccard's similarity coefficient were used. Based on land-climate and vegetation criteria, ecosystems were distinguished. For this purpose, DEM, De Martonne’s classification and vegetation type layers were used and overlaid in the ArcGIS 10.2. Results showed that 21 ecosystems are distinguishable in the country and then according to provinces' analysis, Isfahan gained the first, Semnan, Fars, Kerman, and Golestan the second and Ardebil the third priorities in terms of protected areas selection. Also, based on similarity and dissimilarity indices, the provinces were classified into 12 groups. Patterns of selection of protected areas and capability assessment of ecosystem services for each group will be considered independently. 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • National terrestrial ecosystems
  • Protection planning
  • Protection prioritization
  • Sustainable land management
  • Biogeoghraphy
Ardakani, M.R. 2017. Ecoloy. Sixteenth edition. University of Tehran press. (in Persian) 
Aryaee, Z. 2015. Systematic selection of conservation patches using Biodiversity Rapid Assessment and Planning method (Case study: Golestan province), master of science thesis in environmental sciences, College of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (in Persian)
Asakereh, H. 2016. Fundamentals of Biogeography. Second edition. University of Zanjan press. (in Persian)
Assad, I.; Lundquist, C.J.; Erdmann, M.V. & Costello, M.j. 2016. Ecological criteria to identify areas for biodiversity conservation. Biological conservation.213: 309- 316.  
Anwar, M.S.; Uppal,S.; Chitkara,A.; Kullu,A.; Bhardwaj,R.N. & Gaur,M. 2006. Fundamentals of Physical Geography, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Jalandhar. 
Averti Ifo, S.; Moutsambote, J.M.; Koubouana ,F.; Yoka, J.; Ndzai, S.F.; Orcellie Bouetou-Kadilamio, L.N.; Mampouya, H.; Jourdain, C.; Bocko, Y.; Brigitte Mantota, A.; Mbemba, M.; Mouanga-Sokath, D.; Odende, R.; Romarick Mondzali, L.; Mampouya Wenina, Y.M.; Ouissika, B.C. & Joel, L.J. 2016. Tree Species Diversity, Richness, and Similarity in Intact and Degraded Forest in the Tropical Rainforest of the Congo Basin: Case of the Forest of Likouala in the Republic of Congo, International Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 2016, Article ID 7593681, 12 pages.
Azari Dehkordi, F.; & Khazaei, N. 2009. A Decision Support System for Environmental impact Assessment in landscape degradation (Case study: Shafarod Watershed in Gilan province of Iran). Journal of Environmental Studies, 35(50), 69-80. (in Persian)
Bailey, R.G. 1988. Ecogeographic analysis: a guide to the ecological division of land for resource management. Misc.Publ. No.1465.Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service.
Bailey, R. G. translated into Persian by: Abdolrassoul Salman Mahiny. 2006. Ecosystem Geography. Moje Sabz press. (in Persian)
Behrooj, B. 2013. Optimizing conservation patches of Golestan province using Tabu Search Algorithm, master of science thesis in environmental sciences, College of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (in Persian)
Bihamta, M.R. & Zare Chahouki, M.A. 2015. Principles of Statistics for the Natural Resources Science. Fourth edition. University of Tehran Press. (in Persian)
Blasi, C.; Capotorti, G.; Alós Ortí, M.M.; Anzellotti, I.; Attorre, F.; Azzella, M.M.; Carli, E.; Copiz, R.; Garfì, V.; Manes, F.; Marando, F.; Marchetti, M.; Mollo, B. & Zavattero, L. 2017. Ecosystem mapping for the implementation of the European Biodiversity Strategy at the national level: The case of Italy. Environ. Sci. Policy 78: 173–184.
Cardinale, B. J.; Duffy, J. E.; Gonzalez, A.; Hooper, D. U.; Perrings, C.; Venail, P. & Naeem, S. 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401): 59–67.
Chapin, F. S.; Matson, P. A. & Mooney, H. A. 2002. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. Springer.
Edae, D.; Soromessa, T. & Senbeta, F. 2015. Woody Species Composition and Community Analysis in Managed and Community Used Forest Sites in Gelesha Kebele, Mejengir Forest, Gambella National Regional State, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 5(17): 125-135.
Esfandeh, S.; Kaboli, M. & Eslami, L. 2017. Simulated annealing algorithm as a tool for systematic prioritization of protected area in Alborz province, Iran. Journal of Animal Environment, 9(1), 105-122. (in Persian)
Farkhani, A.; Salman Mahini, A.; Karimi, H. & Mikaeeli Tabrizi, A. R. 2017. Gap Analysis Approach for Prioritization and Selection of Protected Areas. Environmental Researches, 7(14), 73-83. (in Persian)
Fleming,I.A. & Aagaard,K. 1993. Documentation and measurement of biodiversity, NINAUtredning, 50: 1-23.
Ghadiri Masoum, M.; Baghiyani, H. R. & Ghadiri Masoum, M. 2013. Population Dynamics in Geographic Regions of Iran and its Consequences. Human Geography Research, 45(4), 57-74. (in Persian)
IUCN .2015. Guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems  Categories and Criteria, Version 1.0. Bland, L.M., Keith, D.A., Murray, N.J.& Rodriguez, J.P. (eds.). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ix + 93 pp.
Jafari, A. 2012. History of natural geography of Iran. Tehran: Gitashenasi Geographical & Cartographic Institute. (in Persian)
Jafari, A.; Yavari, A. R.; Bahrami, S. & Yarali, N. 2011. Selection of New Protected Areas Emphasizing Vegetation Types Using C-Plan (Case Study: Kohgiluye & Boir-Ahmad Province, Iran). Journal of Environmental Studies, 36(56), 1-12. (in Persian)
Jafari, A.; Yavari, A. & Yarali, N. 2014. The Environmental and Strategic Assessment of the Largest Landfill in Northern Iran (Saravan) by Using SWOT Method. Environmental Researches, 4(7), 93-102. (in Persian)
Javanshir, K. 1976. Atlas of woody plants of Iran. Tehran: National Society of Natural Resources and Human Environment Conservation. (in Persian)
Kaplan, D. & Kadmon, A. 1999. Ecodiversity Changes in the Hula Valley, During this Century, Proceeding Of  IALE  International  Conference  Landscape    Ecology- Theory, Teaching, Applications (pp. 123-130) Pultusk, Poland.
Karami, A. & Feghhi, J. 2012. Controlling and comparison of North and South Zagros Land Use Using Landscape Ecology Approach (Case Study: Provinces of Kurdistan and Kohgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad). Town and Country Planning, 4(6), 5-34. (in Persian)
Khalili, A.; Hejam, S. & IranNezhad, P.1991. The integrated water resources management plan of Iran. Ministry of Energy. (in Persian)
Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. New York, NY: Harper and Row Publishers Inc.
Kusbach, A. 2010. Terrestrial ecosystem classification in the Rocky Mountains, northern Utah, 213. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1675&context=etd
Lapin, M.& Barnes, B.V. 1995. Using the Landscape Ecosystem Approach to Assess Species and Ecosystem Diversity, Conservation Biology, 9(5):1148-1158.
Mace, G. M.; Norris, K. & Fitter Alastair H. 2012. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 27 (1):19-26.
Madjnoonian, H. 1995. Biosphere reserves. Tehran: Department of the Environment of Iran. (in Persian) 
Madjnoonian, H. 2014. Protected Areas, Criteria & Guidelines for Selection, Conservation and Management of Protected Areas. Day Negar publication. (in Persian)  
McGarigal, K., & Marks, B. J. 1995. FRAGSTATS:Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying  landscape structure. FRAGSTATS Manual, 97331.
Mehri, A.; Salmanmahiny. A.; Mirkarimi, S.H. & Rezaei, H.R. 2014. Use of optimization algorithms to prioritize protected areas in Mazandaran Province of Iran. Journal of Nature Conservation. 22: 462- 470.
Moghaddam, M.R. 2008. Statistical and descriptive ecology of vegetation. Second edition. University of Tehran Press. (in Persian)
Mohajerani, A.A. 2012. Spatial Distribution of Iran' s Population. The monthly Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 11(65): 54 – 63. (in Persian) 
Neishabouri, A. 2013. Biogeography. Twelfth edition. The Center for Studying and Compling University Books in Humanitics (SAMT). Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities. 
Nohegar, D. A.; jabariyan amiri, D. B. & afrakhte, R. 2015. Land Use Analysis on Guilan Central District Using Landscape Ecology Approach. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 5(15): 197-214. (in Persian)
Olson, D.M.; Dinerstein, E.; Wikramanayake, E.D.; Burgess, N.D.; Powell, G.V.N.; Underwood, E.C.; D’amico, J. A.; Itoua, I.; Strand, H.E.; Morrison, J.C.; Loucks, C.J.; Allnutt, T.F.; Ricketts, T.H.; Kura, Y.; Lamoreux, J.F.; Wettengel, W.W.; Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. 2001. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. Bioscience 51: 933- 938.
Pickett, S. T. A. & Cadenasso, M. L. 2002. The ecosystem as a multidimensional concept: Meaning, model, and metaphor. Ecosystems, 5(1): 1–10.
Rahnemai, M.T. 2014. Iran the spatial and natural potentials. Mahkameh publication. (in Persian)
Rashidi, P. 2008. Systematic Selection of Conservation Patches for Golestan Province Using CAPS Method, master of science thesis in environmental sciences, College of Natural Resources, university of Tehran. (in Persian)
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. 2015. Ecological regions of Iran. (in Persian)
Sadegh Yazdi H.; Rashed Mohasel, M. & Alimoradi, L. 2014. Comparing the Distribution of the Vegetative Cover in Two Different Ecosystems. Journal of Weed Ecology, 2(2): 113 – 122. (in Persian) 
Salmanmahiny, A. 2012. Fundamentals of Environmental Protection. Second edition. Dey Negar publication. (in Persian)
Sayre, R.; Dangermond, J.; Frye, C.; Vaughan, R.; Aniello, P.; Breyer, S.; Cribbs, D.; Hopkins, D.; Nauman, R.; Derrenbacher, W.; Wright, D.; Brown, C.; Convis, C.; Smith, J.; Benson, L.; Paco VanSistine, D.; Warner, H.; Cress, J.; Danielson, J.; Hamann, S.; Cecere, T. & Reddy, P. 2014. A New Map of Global Ecological Land Units — An Ecophysiographic Stratification Approach. Washington, DC Assoc. Am. Geogr. 46.
Sayre, R.; Comer, P.; Warner, H. & Cress, J. 2009. A new map of standardized terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1768 17.
Shabani, A. 2017. Biogeography. Mahvareh publication. (in Persian)
Shakuie, H. 2013. Philosophy Geography. Sixteenth edition. Gitashenasi publication. (in Persian)
Sims, R. A.; Corns, I. G. W. & Klinka, K. 1996. Global to local: Ecological land classification - Introduction. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 39(1–3): 1–10.
Singers, N.J.D. & Rogers, G.M. 2014. A classification of New Zealand ’ s terrestrial ecosystems. Sci. Conserv. 325: 1–87.
Tansley, A. G. 1935. The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms. Ecology, 16(3): 284–307.
Udvardy. 1975. Udvardy - A classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the world.UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme, Project No.8.
WWF. 2012. Global 200. Available online at: http://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/global-200 . Accessed August 01, 2012.
WWF. 2012. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World. Available online at: http://www.worldwildlife.org/ publications/terrestrial-ecoregions-of-the-world . Accessed August 01, 2012.
Yavari, A.R.; Daraei, L.; Hashemi, M. & Zebardast, L. 2012. The land of Iran is the result of mixing mountains and deserts. Yaran Mehr publication. (in Persian)  
Yusefi, G. H.; Safi, K. & Barito, J. C. 2019. Network- and distance-based methods in bioregionalization processes at regional scale: An application to the terrestrial mammals of Iran. Journal of Biogeography, 46(11): 2433–2443.